Shreejana K.C
Institute of Agriculture and animal Science, Gokuleshwor College, Baitadi NEPAL
*Corresponding Author: Shreejana K.C, Institute of Agriculture and animal Science, Gokuleshwor College, Baitadi NEPAL.
Received: September 06, 2021
Accepted: September 13, 2021
Published: September 22, 2021
Citation: Shreejana K.C. (2021) “Medicinal Plants Used by The People of Vicinity Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Sindhupalchok, Kavre and Ramachhap District of Nepal for The Treatment of Common Diseases.”, Journal of Agricultural Research Pesticides and Biofertilizers, 2(4); DOI:http;//doi.org/09.2021/1.1041
Copyright: © 2021 Shreejana K.C. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A aggregate of 75 species of plants belonging to 46 different families have been recorded so far that are used as medicinal plants. These plants are used traditionally as a source of medicine by the people living in the locality of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kavre, Sindupalchok and Ramachhap district of Nepal. Most of the plants are used to treat the problem like pain, inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders. All the plants parts used for the treatments of common diseases are only limited within the traditional household use and further research is required to broaden the knowledge of medicinal floras.
Introduction:
Those plants which are rich in secondary metabolites and are widely used as a source of medicine and drugs are termed as Medicinal plants. Each and every plant consists of number of chemicals which might show defensive action against pest and insects along with some of the higher animals as well. Most of the medicinal plants is being used as traditional medicine purposes from time immoral. Its importance can be highlighted even in today’s cinematic film based of medicine. Ayurveda and Traditional medicine are widely recognized as ethno medicine in this global world. From the taste, and experience gained by the early human beings most of the plants are used to treat diseases. Even today’s world is also surrounded by the impact of those medicinal plants. In this pandemic as well people living in Bhaktapur identified the plant named epizote shows the positive response to treat the Covid-19. Even though multiples of research are required to predict that terms, but the trial basis done by the individual people as shown the positive effect. The phyto chemicals present in the plants are used to establish the biological activity of the individual. Major biochemical classes include alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenes. Statistical evaluation shows that modern medicine is expensive even out of range of the normal beings than that of the traditional medicine.
The first synthesized substances from medicinal plants is salicylic acid in 1853. In 2002 FAO identified over 50000 medicinal plants all across the world.
Most people in the world depends upon the plant species for their products such as food, medicine, fibers, fuel woods aroma and ornamental products. Products obtained from those plants are utilized to meet the basic requirements of the individual. Despite of this fact also, many medicinal plants are identified and used as a source of medicine since time immoral. In the present days also most of the plants with medicinal property is being used extensively. For the enhancement of the living standard more than 80% people living in developing country depends on these plants.
Rural people largely rely on the use of traditional medicine to fight against the germs and disease even though modern remedy system like allopathic and surgery is also available in the rural areas of Nepal. Even in present to people only visit medical institute for some communicable diseases and chronic health hazards. For normal illness like diarrhea, dysentery, gastric people still depend on traditional medicinal practices. Even for economic source as well people use medicinal plants. People of Himalayas regions collect Yarshaghumba as a source of income and enhancement of livelihood as well. People collect, processed and trade those medicinal plants which secure their employment opportunity as well and enhance their income. However, increasing demand, unorganized governmental system and haphazard methods of collection ultimately is being the primary cause of the declination of resources. For the effective treatment of diseases scientific investigation on plants of medicine used in ethnic medical system is obligatory (M. S. Mohammad Fahim Kadir 2013). Gastrointestinal diseases are foremost mortality cause in the world and gastrointestinal diseases are proving themselves further intricate to treat among them infectious. This is because of the drug resistancancy by infectious parasites (M Crowther 2009). Traditional drugs are pivotal in health precaution system in most of the countries knowing as developing. (Rômulo RN Alves 2007). Through study in addition with applied research developing countries can take huge profit on indigenous medicinal plants that are being used traditionally against innumerable diseases (Houghton 1995) . WHO Regional Committee for the South-East Asia Region accepted the vital role of traditional drug in health precaution system in 2004 and meeting of WHO Executive Board in 2009 aimed to promote the potential of herbal medicines in national health system in the Region (WHO 2009). The governmental issues, public negligence and millions of reasons have reduced the used of traditional and medicinal plants. And in present days the traditional knowledge regarding the medicinal plants also being reduced due to less academic effort on such kinds of topic.
Materials and methods:
The learning was mainly grounded on field visit, questionnaire and personal interview with villagers with the main objective of understanding, identifying and analyzing the plants along with its local names and medicinal values.
Study area:
The study was conducted from April to August 2021 in Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchok, Ramachhap and Sindhupalanchok. Among these, personal interview with villagers are taken from Bhaktapur, Lalitpur and Kathmandu while online survey was conducted from Ramachhap, Kavrepalanchok and Sindhupalanchok where personal interview is not feasible. The geographical region for the sample collection was ranged from Churiya range to Mahabharata range of Tropical zone.
Data collection:
Our entire study was based on the questionnaire and field visit. During the visit individual of all gender, caste, age groups are taken into consideration so that data collected, and information grabbed will be ethical. The major aim of collecting the data is to identify the medicinal value and traditional uses of those medicinal plants. Numbers of sample was also collected during the period and those collected data and specimen were identified using the relevant site like (Malla SB 1986), (Press 2000), (A 1988), (PN 1969). Similarly, The literature like (Hains 1961), (Hooker 1872-97), (Rai 2004), (Mabberley 1987), (Siwakoti M 1996), (Davis 1988), (Grierson 1983), (Hara H 1982)are also used to identify and standardization of their globally identifying name.
Results and discussion:
During the field survey, some 75 species of medicinal plants was collected. These plants belong to 46 different families. Most of the medicinal plants recorded in this study were herb followed by tree and shrub with least number of climbers and grasses as well. Among the reported species, the family poaceae consist of large number of species and it is followed by Leguminosae, Asteraceae, and Ranunculaceae and so on.
|
S. N |
Scientific Name |
Local Name |
Family |
Habit |
Part Used |
Used in |
||
|
1 |
Acacia catechu
|
Khayar
|
Leguminosae
|
Tree |
Stem |
Fracture, treat sore and diarrhea, leprosy
|
||
|
2 |
Acacia nilotica |
Babul
|
Leguminosae
|
Shrub |
Stem |
Toothpaste, stomachache and diarrhea
|
||
|
3 |
Acacia rugata
|
Sikakai
|
Leguminosae
|
Shrub |
Leaf fruit |
Constipation, urinary trouble, malaria, Scabies, to make soap
|
||
|
4 |
Achyranthus aspera L.
|
Datiwan
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Herb |
Root |
Typhoid, obstetrics and gynecology
|
||
|
5 |
Aconitum ferox
|
Bisma
|
Ranuncnlaceae
|
Herb |
Whole plant |
Cough, fever, asthma, diarrhea, throat problem, anthelmintic
|
||
|
7 |
Aconitum heterophyllum |
Attis |
Herb |
Roots |
expectorant, febrifuge, anthelmintic |
|||
|
6 |
Aconitum spicatum |
Bikh
|
Ranuncnlaceae
|
Herb |
Whole plant |
Cough, fever, asthma, diarrhea, throat problem, anthelmintic
|
||
|
8 |
Acorus calamus L.
|
Bojho /Biubidanga
|
Araceae
|
Herb |
Rhizome |
Cold & cough, toothache, insecticide, anthelmintic, rheumatism
|
||
|
9 |
Aegle marmelos (L.) |
Bel
|
Rutaceae
|
Tree |
Bark fruit |
To get relief from heat, typhoid, dysentery, diarrhea, jaundice, fever
|
||
|
10 |
Aloe barbadensis |
Gheu Kumari |
Liliaceae |
Leaf |
Leaf |
Burns Heat stroke, Joint pain, constipation, piles, rheumatism
|
||
|
11 |
Amomum subulatum
|
Alainchi
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Herb |
Fruit |
Spice, stomachache, appetizer, indigestion, common cold, mouth Infection |
||
|
12 |
|
Kalomegh |
Acanthaceae
|
Herb |
Whole plant |
To get relief from heat stroke, appetizer, fever, snake bite, diarrhea
|
||
|
13 |
Asparagus racemosus
|
Kurilo
|
Asparagaceae
|
Shrub |
Root |
Tonic, laxative, jaundice
|
||
|
14 |
Astilbe rivularis |
Thulo Okhati |
Saxifragaceae |
Grass |
Rhizome |
Uterine contraction during birth, dysentery |
||
|
15 |
Atropa belladonna L.
|
Beladona
|
Solanaceae
|
Herb |
Root Leaf |
Hooking cough, urinary disorder, gastritis, ulcer, rheumatism, Sleeplessness
|
||
|
16 |
Bergenia ciliata
|
Pakhan Ved
|
Saxifragaceae
|
Herb |
Whole plant |
Cut & wounds, diarrhea, stone, urinary problem, anthelmintic, fever
|
||
|
17 |
Cannabis sativa |
Ganja |
Cannabinaceae |
Tree |
Leaves and seeds |
Diarrhea, sedative, narcotize |
||
|
18 |
Centella asiatica |
Ghod tapre |
Apiaceae |
Grasses |
Shoot |
Diuretic, blood purifier, leprosy |
||
|
19 |
Chlorophytum borivilianum L.
|
Seto musli
|
Liliaceae
|
Herb
|
Root |
Diarrhea, jaundice, asthma, diabetes, scabies, piles,
|
||
|
21 |
Cinnamomum glaucescens
|
Sugandhakokila
|
Lauraceae
|
Tree |
Pericarp of Fruit |
fragrance in soaps, detergents, perfumery demulcent and stimulant |
||
|
75 |
Cinnamomum tamala
|
Tejpat |
Lauraceae
|
Tree |
Leaf and Bark |
Flavoring agent, stomachache, stimulant
|
||
|
20 |
Clinopodium umbrasum |
Tulsijhar |
Lamiaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
Astringent, Blood purifier, gastric |
||
|
22 |
Curculigo orchioides |
Kali musli |
Amaryllidaceae |
Shrub |
Tuberous Roots and Rhizomes |
rejuvenating tonic, aphrodisiac drug, and diuretic, debility, cough, jaundice, asthma, and piles.
|
||
|
74 |
Curculigo orchioides
|
Syal dhote
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
Herbs |
Roots |
Gastritis, asthma, sexual stimulant, piles, stomach disorder, ulcer, jaundice, itching, to check bleeding
|
||
|
23 |
Cymbopogon flexuosus
|
Kagati ghans
|
Poaceae
|
Herb
|
Leaf
|
Scent, insecticide, tea
|
||
|
24 |
Cymbopogon winterianus
|
Citronella
|
Poaceae
|
Herb |
Leaf |
To make soap and scent
|
||
|
26 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Githa |
Dioscoreaceae |
Climber |
Tuber |
Antihelminthic, cough, asthma, leprosy and cancer |
||
|
25 |
Dioscorea deltoidea
|
Ban tarul
|
Dioscoreaceae
|
Climber
|
Fruit
|
Dysentery, gastritis, constipation, family planning, fish poisoning, to cure louse
|
||
|
67 |
Eclipta prostrata L.
|
Vringaraj
|
Asteraceae
|
Herb |
Leaf |
Jaundice, skin disease, blood purifier, high blood pressure, fever, wound
|
||
|
66 |
Elaeocarpus sphaericus |
Rudrakshya |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Tree |
Fruit |
Headache, epileptic fits |
||
|
73 |
Eulaiopsis binnata
|
Babiyo |
Poaceae |
Herbs |
Whole plants |
Cure pain |
||
|
27 |
Holarrhena pubescens |
Indra jau |
Apocynaceae |
Shrub |
Bark |
diabetes Diarrhea Piles, skin disease, Biliousness, Arthritis, Oestioarthritis |
||
|
65 |
Imperata cylindrical |
Siru |
Poaceae |
Grass |
Rhizome |
Piles, diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea |
||
|
28 |
Juglans regia L.
|
Okhar
|
Juglandaceae
|
Tree
|
Fruit, Bark
|
Pesticide, dyeing hair health, immune system
|
||
|
68 |
Juniperus indica Bertol.
|
Dhupi |
Cuppresaceae
|
Shrubs |
Woods |
Incense |
||
|
29 |
Justicia adhatoda L.
|
Asuro, Vashak
|
Acanthaceae
|
Shrub
|
Leaf |
Asthma, rheumatism, malaria, insecticide
|
||
|
30 |
Matricaria chamomilla L.
|
Kamomail/ chamomile
|
Asteraceae
|
Herb |
Flower |
Scent, gastritis, muscle spasms, inflammation
|
||
|
31 |
Mentha arvensis |
Mentha/ Pipermint |
Lamiaceae |
Herb |
Leaf |
flatulence, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and ulcerative colitis. cooking, in cosmetics |
||
|
32 |
Morchella conica
|
Guchchhi chyau
|
Helvellaceae
|
Herb |
Fruit |
Tonic, fever cooking
|
||
|
33 |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) |
Kauso
|
Leguminosae
|
Herb |
Fruit |
Dysentery, paralysis, urinary problem, tonic, scorpion bite
|
||
|
34 |
Nardostachys jatamansi |
Jatamashi |
Caprifoliaceae |
Shrub |
Root n Rhizomes |
Sedative, herbal medicine, Insomnia, Birth difficulties, Ailments |
||
|
35 |
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifora |
Kutki |
Scrophulariaceae |
Herb |
Rhizomes |
fever, jaundice, hemorrhoids, and dysentery |
||
|
72 |
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
|
Parijat
|
Oleaceae
|
Shrubs |
Leaf and Flower |
Pneumonia |
||
|
36 |
Ocimum basilicum L.
|
Babari
|
Lamiaceae
|
Herb |
Leaf |
Asthma, common cold, urinary problem, gastritis, wound
|
||
|
37 |
Operculina turpethum (L.)
|
Nisodh
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Climber
|
Fruit
|
Piles, jaundice, fever, tumor
|
||
|
38 |
Ophiocordyceps sinensis |
Yarsagumba |
Caterpillar-fungus fusion |
Fungal part |
drowsiness, prolonged cough and asthma, debility, impotence, anemia, to build the bone patient receiving Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy |
|||
|
39 |
Paris polyphylla
|
Satuwa
|
Liliaceae
|
Herb
|
Rhizome
|
Anthelmintic, cut & wound, dysentery, diarrhea, tonic
|
||
|
40 |
Phyllanthus emblica L.
|
Amala
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Tree
|
Fruit
|
Cough, dysentery, to aid vitamin 'c'
|
||
|
41 |
Piper longum L.
|
Pipla
|
Piperaceae
|
Climber
|
Fruit
|
Asthma, jaundice, pails, sleeplessness, stomach pain
|
||
|
42 |
Piper nigrum |
Marich |
Piperaceae |
Climbers |
Fruits |
Common cold, fever |
||
|
43 |
Pistacia chinensis |
Kakarsingi |
Tree |
Whole plant |
analgesic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative dye and timber. |
|||
|
44 |
Plumbago zeylanica L.
|
Chitu
|
Plumbaginaceae
|
Shrub
|
Whole plant
|
Rheumatism, nasal catarrh
|
||
|
45 |
Pogostemon Benghalensis |
Rudilo |
Lamiaceae |
Shrub |
Root, leaves |
Haemorrhage |
||
|
46 |
Rauvolfia serpentina
|
Sarpagandha
|
Apocynaceae
|
Herb
|
Root
|
High blood pressure, diarrhea, fever, snake & snake & another insect bite
|
||
|
47 |
Rheum australe |
Himalayan Rhubarb/padamchal |
Polygonaceae |
Herb |
Rhizomes and petioles |
vascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, and skeletal systems along with to infectious diseases |
||
|
60 |
Rhododendron Arboretum |
Laligurans |
Ericaceae |
Herbs |
Flower |
Diarrhea, dysentery |
||
|
48 |
Saffron crocus |
Keshar |
Trees and shrubs |
Stigma |
asthma, cough, whooping cough (pertussis), Alzheimer's disease, loosenphlegm , insomnia, cancer, atherosclerosis, flatulence, melancholy, fright, tremor, spittingup blood (hemoptysis), ache, heartburn, and parched skin. |
|||
|
58 |
Sapindus cytheria |
Amaro |
Sapindaceae |
Tree |
Flower and Fruit |
Pneumonia |
||
|
49 |
Sapindus mukorossi |
Rittha |
Sapindaceae |
Tree |
Fruit |
Cleanser/insecticide Surfactant
|
||
|
61 |
Schima wallichii |
Chilaune |
Theaceae |
Trees |
Leaves and Bark |
Rubefacient, Fever |
||
|
62 |
Scoparia dulcis |
Chini Jhar |
Scrophulariaceae |
Herbs |
Leaves and roots |
Fever, cough, bronchitis, menstruation disorder |
||
|
64 |
Spilanthes calva |
Pur-pure jhar |
Asteraceae |
Shrubs |
Flower |
Toothache, throat pain, headache |
||
|
50 |
Swertia angustifolia
|
Chiraito
|
Gentianaceae
|
Herb
|
Whole plant
|
Anthelmintic, severe fever, jaundice, wound, high blood pressure, to make wine
|
||
|
69 |
Syzygium cumini
|
Jamuna |
Myrtaceae
|
Tree |
Bark |
Massage in pain, toothache, dysentery
|
||
|
51 |
Taxus wallichiana
|
Lauth sallo
|
Taxaceae
|
Tree
|
Leaf
|
Cancer, cough, asthma
|
||
|
70 |
Terminalia bellirica
|
Barro |
Combertaceae
|
Tree |
Fruit |
Cough, gastritis, fever, skin problem, stimulant, diarrhea
|
||
|
71 |
Terminalia chebula
|
Harro |
Combertaceae
|
Tree |
Fruit |
Cough, constipation, jaundice, stone & theca problem, high blood pressure
|
||
|
52 |
Thysanolaena maxima
|
Amriso
|
Poaceae
|
Herb
|
Root
|
Typhoid, wound
|
||
|
53 |
Tinospora sinensis
|
Gurjo
|
Menispermaceae
|
Climber
|
Root
|
Jaundice, constipation, to check abortion
|
||
|
54 |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata
|
Indreni
|
Cucurbiataceae
|
Climber
|
Seed
|
Abortion, to check bleeding, asthma, rheumatism, jaundice, ear pain, constipation
|
||
|
63 |
Urtica dioca |
Sisno |
Euphorbiaceae |
Shrubs |
Whole plant |
Diuretic, diarrhea, expectorant |
||
|
55 |
Valeriana jatamansi
|
Sugandhawal
|
Valerianaceae |
Herb |
Dried roots and rhizome |
epilepsy, hysteria, hypochondriasis, nervous unrest, and skin diseases cooling, stimulant, hypotensive, and sedative
|
||
|
56 |
Withania somnifera
|
Ashwogandha
|
Solanaceae
|
Herb
|
Root
|
Tonic, joint pain, scabies, sleeplessness
|
||
|
57 |
Zanthoxylum armatum
|
Timur
|
Rutaceae
|
Shrub
|
Fruit
|
Gastritis, toothache, fever
|
||
|
58 |
Zingiber officinale
|
Aduwa
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Herb
|
Rhizome
|
Common cold, asthma, indigestion
|
Table 1: Medicinal plants found in differents parts of Nepal.
Figure 1: pie-chart sowing parts used for medicinal purposes.
The pie chart shows that among the most used plants parts fruit and leaves are widely used as a source of medicine followed by root, entire plants, rhizomes and so on.
Figure 2: Bar graph showing types of plants identified.
The bar chart shows that among the plants identified most of the plants fall under the heading herbs, followed by shrubs, trees, climbers and grasses respectively.
Conclusion:
Most of the medicinal plants identified are used as source of traditional medicine by most of the individidual living in the rural areas. Even though their used is being increasing day by day their uses are limited only in the traditional way in villages only. If these important herbs can be made identifiable for those of present generation individual and research is conducted on the topic, medicinal plants can lead to golden era of the medicine.
Conflict of interest:
The author affirmed no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement:
The author provides immense gratitude towards the helping hands including friends, family members, participants throughout the period of data collection.
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