Language of Scienti?c Communications: A Case Study

Authors

Sergey Feranchuk
Fitosintez LLC, Smolensk, Russia

Article Information

*Corresponding author: Sergey Feranchuk, Fitosintez LLC, Smolensk, Russia
Received: April 06, 2021
Accepted: May 03, 2021
Published: May 17, 2021
Citation: Feranchuk S “Language of Scientific Communications: A Case Study”. Clinical Case Reports and Clinical Study, 3(4); DOI: 10.61148/2766-8614/JCCRCS/058
Copyright: © 2021 Sergey Feranchuk. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

There is no need to prove that the science had transformed in the past decades. New and young peoples, a terribly big flow of information, overall changes in a society did contribute to this. A reality anyway provide alarming and unexpected challenges. The need for improved surfaces in medicinal equipment is a part of urgent "response" to that challenges.

A chemical modifications of chitosan are discussed among most promising approaches to flexibly respond to vulnerabilities from micro-species [1]. Chitosan is quit similar to chitin, and the challenges in [1] are similar by an intention to the story in [2] which bind modifications of chitin and wide-ranged evolution of species.


Keywords: ,

Lessons from that story, if any, could direct and improve the "game" around chitosan modifications. If only some piece of understanding would be between these different subjects of science. So the case of chitin and chitosan is a suitable object to investigate what are issues "towards" and "reverse" in a language of scientific communications.

Methods

The key terms "chitin" and "chitosan" are met several times in abstracts of both articles. "Traditional" approach to rules of sentence assembly can easily point to combinations of mutually paired words. In the considered case, these word pairs were selected by authors to specify meaning in which they present their findings around chitin and chitosan. They can point out how a piece of knowledge grow up in each case and what is common between it. Plain search in NCBI "pubmed" provide 

following counts for the selected word pairs, of 2-nd and 3-rd level of subordination, in thousands:

chitosan

 

2-nd single

 

2-nd paired

^

polysaccharide 46.8

1.7

^

derivative                129.8

1.0

modify

^                               100.1

0.3

^

backbone                 48.1

0.3

 

3-rd single 3-rd paired

polysaccharide

received

524

1.3

derivative

biomaterials

28.0

0.2

strategy

modify

555

3.4

introduce

backbone

99.1

0.5

chitin

 

 

2-nd single

 

2-nd paired

^

synthesis

814

1.4

^

degradation

321

1.0

^

rich

251

0.5

gut

^

103

0.9

 

3-rd single 3-rd paired

regulation

synthesis

880

66.8

regulation

degradation

880

32.9

rich

structures

649

15.5

split

gut

65.3

0.13

         

The texts of abstracts itself are provided in the appendix.

Results

The narrative and subject of the first study is fairly original, although the matters around chitosan are widely discussed. Some of the threads in the narrative are anyway anchored in common terms of biochemistry, like it is shown below; the originality is anyway looks to be preserved. The threads from the term "chitin" are anchored in the systems biology and usage of some common phrases is visible.in the systems biology and usage of some common phrases is visible.

The language of the two text anyway intersects in some wide and more narrow terms of molecular biology, at a level of proteins and regulation of metabolites. The declared findings of the authors are not centered in these subjects. But anyway this level of knowledge looks like an only direction were some co-operation can be established.

Discussion

The changes in science are expressed in what is shown below: a "boldness" of scientific subjects become not as "flat" as before. In a terms of socio-economy, the Gini inequality in the topmost subjects becomes higher. The same happened for the topmost brand names of scientific groups and for the fame of the most famous researchers.

 

 

The scientific search which binds together these separate topmost directions is anyway continue to develop, in the remaining area of "not-so-popular" studies. The science in a straight and conventional meaning is a highly organized entity of co- operating investigators. In the same way cells are arranged in a tree, as it is schematically drawn below. In a mushroom the over-weight in complexity is higher in a fruiting body and in endings below the ground (rhizomorphs). Citing [3], "By comparing these functionally different structures (fruiting body and rhizomorps), we can get to the basics of how complex multicellularity emerges — one of the major questions in evolution".

What is already known is that chitin and structures from chitin contribute a lot to emergence of this multicellularity in fungi. Chitin structures is an obvious object for attacks and ability to modify chitin is a matter of survival for this multicelluar entity.

In an asco-mycota fungi, like common yeast or candida species, multicellularity in some way supported in a formless entities like a human body or even in contamination of medicinal equipmement. The loop is this way closed - efforts to improve medicinal surfaces by chitosane is in co- or contra- interference with activity of many specific enzymes in common dirt.

The rules of the game in modern science anyway influence choice of subjects for research. And in the case example considered above, chitin and chitosan appeared in titles as a subject of research not by chance.

 

The plants and fungi  are in some way  opposed  in wild.  The fungi  are "predators" and "strong players" comparing to any of the trees. But if to look on a stability of species, plants appear to be winners in this opposition. Citing [4], "land plants exhibit an alternation of generations, with complex multicellular bodies developing in both the haploid and diploid stages of their life cycle". Continuing to cite [4], "One thing that is clear is that the choice of possibilities for plant researchers is large and open—and that any information obtained about any plant model will be applicable to studies of other plants, improving our understanding of the evolution, diversification, and fundamental properties of plants."

The multi-cellularity of plants is different from that of fungi, the tree grow up and the micellium is distributed in deep. The course of any evolution can have two directions, towards a slow decay or towards a sudden break. The same is about the development of any knowledge - the two directions are met in the same scene. The "optimism" of the review [4] is a part of truth, an opposite trend towards increase of misunderstanding is observed with an increasing rate.

In both cases, the matter is not about a course and a direction. The science in a "best" meaning is a constructive cooperation, and a trend toward inequality and competition observed here is obviously destructive. In the examples above, the neutral approach to studies of both surface materials and adaptation of enzymes isexpected to put more attention to the complex and less competitive investigations of molecular interactions.

The plants are adopted to co-exist with parasitic and predator species. The rules of a game are in a side of a fungi and any tree can survive only "by chance" in this game. In the same way, the travel "in deep" to a complex and risky scientific area can be in vain. And can be not in vain. Otherwise...

 

References

  1. Sulfonated and sulfated chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications: A review Syrine Dimassi, Nicolas Tabary, Feng Chai, Nicolas Blanchemain, Bernard Martel Carbohydrate polymers 202, 382-396, 2018
  2. shared mechanism of defense against predators and parasites: chitin regulation and its implications for life-history theory Andrew P Beckerman, Job de Roij, Stuart R Dennis, Tom J Little Ecology and evolution 3 (15), 5119-5126, 2013
  3. Armillaria György Sipos, James B. Anderson, László G. Nagy Current Biology 28,R293–R305, 2018
  4. Field Guide to Plant Model Systems Caren Chang, John L. Bowman, Elliot M. Meyerowitz Cell 167, 325-339, 2016
  5.